ѡ, ߻񡿬, ӿ ޿ ѡ ߬ү ߽ү Ӭ XX .
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    ӿӿ ( ӿ ᡫ) 
    Ἷ  
     ӫѡ 1899 
    ѡ ӫѡ 13 
    ߴ ӫѡ 9 
    ԫ ӫѡ Һ, .ҿ 
    տӿ Һ߬ ߽󡫮 Ӭ 
    ѵ ߽ٮ ߽, ԫ ߫, , ӫ߫ 
    ӿѪ Һ߬ ߽󡫮 Ӭ
    ԫ[1] [2] [3] [ 1931.] [ 1931.]
      ẫ᡿
        ƿ߬ ի Ѽӿ
        ᬫ իү Ѽӿ ԽѼ.
        ѡ Ѽѡ ߽ 1917. ߽Ҫ Ӽ
      ӫ᡿
        Ӽ᡿ 
          1921 
        ѽ߬ ԡ ߫ Һ߬ Ӭ 1921. ٽ ӿԫ
        ѡ ߽ ӿ ӫ񫽪 Ѯ ѡ ᡿Ѯ.
        Ӽ᡿ ߽὿ ߴ Һ߬ ѽ — ӫ߫
        ӡѽ Ѭѽ ߽ ѡٮ ԯ Ἷ
        ԫ-ӿ Ǽӫ߿, ᬪ ѽٮ ӫ ӿ.
        ѽ὿ ԫ Ѽѵ ѡ-ѽ ﴮ
        "ӿѡὼ߿" ū ԫ ѻ߯ Ѻ Ӽ߬ ߽ Һ.
        ӿ ӿ ӽ, 񻫽, ߴ ,
        ߫߬ ҽ ԫ὿ ߻ ӡҽ.
        ٽ Ԭᡫ ѡ ɫ, ᡡ.
        ߯ ѽѼ "ѡ߬" ߻, ԫٮ
        ѽ ᡡ ѻ߯ ѽ ߫ 󫿼 ӿ ѡ
        Ѫѡ. ߯ տӿ ӿӿ Ӵ Ѫ ӡߴ
        ɫ, ԫ ٽ 󫺼. ġ ѽ ԫ ѽ, ٽ
        "ᡡ": , ߴ Ӽ᡿, ᡵ, ū.
        ӿ ٽ Ҽѡ, , ẫ — ӫԫѡ. ӿ, ԫ ټ
        Ἷ ѽѬ 󽴯ߴ ӿԿ.
        ѡ ߬ ҡ߿ ὿ "ݡѮ".
        ġ ٬, ٽ ԫ. ū ߫Ѽѡ,
        ٬: Ѯ߬, Ѯ߬, ߿ӿ߬, ߬, Ӽ߬.
        ٬ ٽ "߫", ԫٮ ᡿ ߵѡٮ իٮ Ե Ӭ.
        ġ ӫ ի ߬᡿ ߬ԫ, ޿
        XIII, XI VI Ѭ. ġ ٽ ڿߴ ߽ټ ߽, ԫ
        ի󡫮 , ἴԡ ԡ ӬѮ, ,
        ԫӿ, ѡԫӫ, ԫ.
        ߫ѡٮ ӡٮ , Ӵү ӫѡٮ Կիѡ
        ӫ, , Ѯ߬,
        "ߡ ߡѮ", Ѽ ߬ ѻӿᡡټ Ӽ᡿ .
        ū߽ 񫬽 Ѫҡ߿߬ ߫᡿ ٽ ӿԫ
        ѡ Ѭѡ ӫἼ ҡ߿ԫ ѡ Һ߬ ٬
        .
        ӿ ٽ ӫ߫ӫ ߬, ѡ߬, ᬫ߬,
        Ĭ߬, ߬ ҡ߿ԫ.
        ƫޡ ѡ — ١ ӫԫѮ 쿬 ѡ߬, ӫԫ
        ὿ ӫ, ӫ ߬ Ѵ ū޿ ߿, ԡٮ
        ߬ ԫӿ ǽѬ Ѯԫ — ߫᡿ ߬ տѡ 󫿼
        ӫ߫ӫ: "ġ 27 ٬, ѫᡡ, ӿ, ߬",
        "ġ ٽ ѡᵿѮ ", "ġ ٽ ѡ ӫѡ".
        ӿ Ҽ 񿡿 ᡡ Һ 񿡫
        Һ߬ ѽ-ҽӡ ѡ, ߫ Ѭ "߬ ӫ".
        ߫ үڿ ߡ ү Ѽѡ
        ѡү ᡿Ѯ Һ߬ү ߽ү ڿ Ӭ
        .ừԫ 쿡 ӿ.
        﫡 ٽ Ҽᡫ ѽ "ѫ", ӿ — ӡ ӿ߬
        Һ߬ ߽󡫮 ڿ "ӿ ế" ٮ
        Һ߬ ٬.
        ūԿ ڿ ӫ Ѻ ѡ
      Ҭѡ
         
        1931 
        ԫ 﫡 
        ӫ 
        1931 
        ԫ ӿ 
      Ҫѡ
        ӿ, Һ߬ ߽ Ӭ c.ừԫ 쿡 
        ӫ, տӿ 
        䫽 ԫѽ 
          1931 
        ū߽ ӿѡ Ҭѡ .ӿӿ ԫѽѼ Ӭ
        .ừԫ 쿡 ӿ.
        Ѽѡ .ӿӿ ӫ񫽪 ӫ߫߬ү ߽߬ү Ѵѽ.
        ߴ ӫ߫߬ ӻ ի񿽿 , Ӫ
        ѡԫ, ѡ ߬ӫ ѡ Ӭ,
        Ὣ Ӵ.
        .ӿӿ 󽴽ߴ ԫ ӿ 󡿼᡿ ѽ ߽Ҫ
        , ᬫ ߫ ѽ, Ѽ Ӽ ӫ ߽Ҫ
        ѽ Ӽ, ԫү ߿ Ԭԫ 1931. — Ӵ ѡ
      ӫ᡿
        ū 
          1933 
         ᡿ 1942 
        Ѽ Ѽѵ һᵿ .ӿӿ ԫ ߻ ӿԿ᡿
        ѡ — Ҭ , ѽټ Ѽ ߻ , ߽߫ᡡ
        ԽӫἿ ӫ 俫߿ — ԫѽ ū߬ ߽󡫮 Ӭ,
        ӫ Կ޿߬ү Ѵѽ Һ, ᡡ Ѽѵү
        Ӽ
         
          1942 
        ѡ  5 
        ߴ  5 
        1941. ừ ӿ ү (үߴ) Ԭ ԫ
        .ӿӿ 񫡫. ᬫ Ԭ , 5 1942.
        .ӿӿ ٽ ԫ 񫡫
      ᬽѡ
        ū, ., ѡ 
          1942 
        ѡ  5 
        ߴ  5 
         ᡿ 1942 
        ѡ ᡿ 6 
        ߴ ᡿ 12 
    諡
      1942 
      ѡ 6 
      ߴ 12 
      ѡ 
      ԫ ū, ѡ 
      ߿ ѡ߬ .ӿӿ.
      ū 񡫮 ߿, ӿ , ٽ, ߡ󡫼, , ѽ ӫ
      (ԫ ٽ 6 ѬӴ) ߬὿, ԫ Ӫ , ӿߴ ԫ,
      ԫ Ҭ ս. ԫ .ӿӿ ѽ ߬ Խӫ: "ѽ
      ѽ", ԫ ӡҽߴ ᬽѡ ӫ߿: " !"
      󿽿 ߫. ӫҽ .ӿӿ. ƫ ᵿ
      ѡ ߫.
      ū ߿, Ի󽴽 ẫү ү Կ ,
      .ӿӿ ѡ ߫ , Ե ޫ ѼѮ, ԫٮ
      ٽ ᴡ.
      1996. ..ҽӿ ߬ Ѫ િ һ
      Ѽԫԫ ߫὿ Ѽ Ҽѡٮ " ߬ ѽ ѽ".
      տӿ .ӿӿ ٽ ԫӫ 70 .
      տӿ .ӿӿ Һ߬, ᡵҺ߬,
      Ѽѵ, ߬ ٬. ᬫ ߬ ѽ ٽ һ, ..
      ߫߬ Կ ὿ ԫ ߫ѡ, ٽ
      . , 1937., ԼὫ 750-Կ ѽ,
      Һ ѽ Կ ӫ߬ ѽ ⿮
      󿽿 ԫ ԫ, ԫ ߡ߬ ٽ Ҭ ӿӿ
      ѽ. ҵѽѽ ѡٮ ݬѼ ԫ .
      .ӿӿ ٽ ᡫ ӫ Һ߬ ߽󡫮 Ӭ 19 ѡԴӴ
      1995. ӿ ū߬ ߽󡫮 Ӭ ѡѡ տӿ
      ӿӿ ߬. ߬ ߽ٮ ѡ .ѡӿ
      ӫ ߽᡿ .ӿӿ ߫ Ѽ
      ߽Ҫ. ꬫ ѡѡ Һ߬ ߽󡫮 Ӭ
      濼 ӿӿ ᡿ߴ Ӭ ӿ ߬ ҡ߿.
      ѡ ἴԿ — 23 Ӵ/6 ѬӴ
    ᵿ ->
      1.ҽӿ ӿ. ᡡ// ߬ ߽. 1995. N 4086. 13–19 . .17.
    ѽ ->
      1. ӿ 鿬ԫӫ

(c) . ҽ