᡿ (ѡ 伿ӿ ߿) 
    Ἷ ѡ 
     ӫѡ 1879 
    ѡ ӫѡ 18 
    ߴ ӫѡ 9 
    ԫ ӫѡ ӡ߬ ., ߡ ., .髽١ 
    ӫտ 
    ߬ Ѽ. -ӫԬ ԡ ӿ
    񡫼 ӫ Ѯ ɫ߿. 1896. ѽ
    [1896-1909.] [1909-1930.]
      Ҫѡ
        Ҫ߬ ., ١߬ ., .Կѽ߬ (Ҫ߬ ., Ӫ߬ ., ." ƫԫ"), Ҫ߬ Ҫ߬ ԫ-߻ѡ߬ ƿի ١ ( .ӻ.ƿի ١߬) 
         ߽ޡ 
          1896 
         ᡿ 1902 
        1902. ѽ -߬
        ߬ ., Ҽ߬ . (ế), -߬ 濼-᡿߬  
         ߽ޡ 
          1902 
         ᡿ 1903 
        ߻᡿ ..ӿ󿡫:
        " Ѽ .᡿ Ժߴ ᪿѽ, ߫ѡ 񫽯 Կ,
        ӫѮ 񿬫 Ѫ ߬ ӿӫ ӫѮ
        ԫ Ѽѡ ߫ѡ᡿ Ӵ Ҽѡ, ẫᡡѮѼ
        ѡ .ӫ. ߫ѡ ӿѽ ٽ ߿Ѽ ߡѡ, Ԭ
        ԫӫ ὿ [1920- ] . ԫټ ἴԡ 񫽯
        ի ٽ ѡ: ѡ ӫ ӿ߫ ώѿ
        Ҭ Ѯ [1970- ]. ի󡫮 Ӵ .᡿
        ߬ ".

        Ѻ ѽ
      ӫ᡿
        ӫ-߬  
          1903 
         ᡿ 1909 
      Ҭѡ
         
        Ἷ 
        1909 
        ԫ ߬ . (ế, ҽӿ߬ .), . ( ԡԴ .Ҽ), ߻ѡ߬-߬ (ԫӫ-߬) Ҫ߬  
        ԫ Ҭ ӫ 濼 
        ūӿѡ Կ ѡѼ Ἷ.
        髺ѡ ӫ
        ӫտ 
         
        1926 
        ūӿѡ տ
      Ҫѡ
        ӫ-߬ , ӡ߬ (ߡ߬ , ߬ ., ߬ /), Ѯ, ١ ߡ ū, ߬ .쿬 
        , ӫ, ӫտ 
         ԫѽ ߬ 
          1916 
         ᡿ 1929 
        .᡿ ѽ ߬ ӫ Ѻ ߫ạ, 󫪿޿
        .
        ӫ ᡿ ӫի-ѽ. Ѽѡ
        ӫ 20 ѽ 󫿼 ҬἿ.
        ߻᡿ ..ӿ󿡫 (→Ӭ) [1]:
            
        " ѽ, ᮡ ѽ޿ , .᡿ ӿի񿽫
            ạ Ѯ, ߬ѽѮ Ἣѡ ߻޿ߴ
             Կ߬ ߽᡿ ( .. 1917.). ūԿ Կ ,
            ӿի޿ ߬ Ѫ, ᡫ󿽿 ټ Ἷ.
            .᡿ , Ѽ Ѻ ẬἿ
            ... Ӵ ޿ ѼѡѼ Ӵ
            һԿ ޽ Ѽ, ԫӿ. ġ ԡ
            ٽ — ԫӿ ӿԿ߬ 󿪡, ޿
             Կ, ԫ Ѽѡ ..."

        1924. ӫ ᡿ ߬ .쿬,
        ѽ "" Ѯ ߬
        ѡ ѽѡ - ᮫ ߡ ū.
        ѡ .᡿ ٽ ӫ .ӿ.
        .᡿ ߻߬ߴ ԫ 2 ѽѡ, ԫ ѡ
        ߫ 󴡡 , Ѻᡡ ޿.
        ġ Կ ԡ , ӿݽ,
        Ҽѽ ի , , һ, Ὤ, ԫ
        ӫ὿ߴ ڿ 񡿬 ὿ߴ ӫ.
        .᡿ ٽ ӫ.
        1924. ѽ .᡿ ѽ ӿ޿ ߬ ᬪ Ѽ޿ߴ
        ١Կ 24- ԡ Ľ ū (ᡫ).
        ū ի ߫ԫ Ľ ū, .᡿
        ѽ ߽ޡ.
        Ѫ 󡿬 ߽ޡ, ޿ ԫ Ѽ ߫߬ , ߽ ӿѽ
        ԡѡ, ѡ 󡿼᡿ .
        .᡿ ٽ Ľ Կ ӫ ӫѡ.
        ٻѡ ѡ Ѽ Ľ ߫߬ . 翼 Ľ ū
        Ѻ ߬ ѫիټ Ἷ.
        ԫ 1925. Ľ ū ѡ .᡿, ӿѺ Ѽ ӿ 伿ӿ
        →Ӭ ( ѡ ..ӿ), ԫӫ ѡ ի
        Ҫ ǽѬ ߿ .
        ӫ Ѯ ὿ ߬Կ߬ ١Կ .
        ( Ὣ Ѽ, ԫ Ҫѡ ٽ ߴ).
        ߻᡿ ..ӿ󿡫:
            " ߡ ū ޽ ԡ Һ󿬿 ټ.
              ߡ ū Ľ ѽ ѡ ߬ ߫ 񡫼 Ѽ
             ԡټ ӫἿ Ѭ ެ, Ѯ 񡿬 -...
             ٽ ӫ. ի񿽿 -񡫼 ߬ -. ޿
              ӫټ ټ, ԫ ѡ Ҽѵ ߬
             ޿ ӫ, ѡ Ӵټ Ἷ ѡ. ū ᴼ
             Ѯ ޽ ѻӫạ ӿ Ѭ, ѽ ӫ߽Ѯ.
              ừ ѽѡү .
             .᡿ Կ ӫԫ, Ѽ߽ իԫ, ߽ Ѽ ٽ
             ӿټ Ҫ Ὣߡټ ѽ ӿ Ѭ,
              Ӵ Ԭ,
              ٮ Ӵ.
              .᡿ ѽ 󴡡ٮ ԫ ᬿ Ѽ,
             ٮ 񡫮 ԫ ԫ Ѯ ެӬ. , һ, ԫ
             ެӬ ٽ ... Ľ ǽѬ ߿ ٽ Ҭᡫ ߻
              . ѡ ѽ Ὣ , .᡿ ѽ
              ѡ. ӫѼ, ὿ Ѫڿ ߻ڿ, իԴ ὿
              ߫Ѽ.
             ޿ ӫ񡿬, ߫὿ ѡ ߽Ҫѡ: , ѡ,
             񡿵 ᡡټ ᡡټ ߬ ӿټ . 衿 ߽Ҫ
              ѡ Ѯ Ѫ὿ Ὣ.
              ѡ ѡ ެ ٽ ի Ӵ ѽѡ
              ߡѪ ѻѮ. ߴ ӡٮ Ѯ޿ , 񫡫߿
              Կ, ὿, ԫ Ҭ ѽ߬ ޿
             ӫ᡿ ӫԫ ӿӫ.
              ߽񡯯 ߽Ҫ — 񡿵 — .᡿ ١ ѡү
            "ӫ߬ޡү", , — ү Ѯү ԫ
              ѡټ Ѽ, ߫Ѭ ޿ԫ ԫ ߼
              ѽ.
              ԫ . .᡿ ӫ, ߽ ߽.
              ừ ի. ġ ߿, ԫ
             ߴ ӫԫ ӫ, ԫ Ѽ-ԫ ӿԡ.
             Ľ Ҫ 󫿽 ӫ ѡ, Ӵ...
             Ӭ ߴ ߿ ߽ߴ Կ Ἷ...
              ԡ , Ѽ ᡴ -ԫ Ѭ ѽѬ;
              Ѭߡү .᡿... Ӫ ߽Ѻ... ի
              ѽ, ߿ ӫ񡿬. .᡿ ӿ ߬ Ѻ:
                 " Ѻ — ѡ : !"
             ġ ế ѡ ߡ ߽, ߻߫ Ԭ Ӽҽӫ
              Ҫ ѡӫᡡ Ҽ. ӫ߿ ߽,
             ѡ, ٽ .᡿ ѻӿҪѡ ԫ. ߫ѡ ѽԡ
              ޡ ếѼ ԫ ӫ񿽫 ߿Ѯ Խѡ...
              Ἷ ٽ ӫԫ , ڿ ᬿ ԫ
             ٽ ޡ 󽿴, ӫ 󽿴 ӿӫ ߬ ޿ߴ
              .
             ū Ѽ ԫ ߽ .᡿ ỿ ߻᡿
              " ". 衿 ٽ ỿ ạټ ٬, ...
             Ѻ ӫߡ Ҭ ᬫ ѻ᡿. , ԡ
             ӿ, ߻ѽ "" , Ѽ "Ѻ"
              ߬, , ԫ ߼Ѵ. ٽ Ѽ ѻ 50.
              Ὣ, ӫԡ, - Խ 󫽫.
             ٽ ի, ޫ, , ԫڿ ѵ.
             漫, ӫԫ ߴ Ѽ, — ٽ ߽ѡѼ...
             Ѽ ὿ ի, ὿, ὿ .᡿ ޫ
             ӫ, ԫ ѽ... һѡѼ ߡ ὿
              ѡ ߽Ҫ, ԫ ҼӬ 񿽿 , ὿
             Ѭѽ ԿѼ .᡿.
             ꡫ Ѭ "Ӵ" —  ߬,
             ԫ ٽ Ѯ ӫ߬ ޿ Ѻ. Ѻ Ѽ .᡿
              ٽ ڿ ҬҺ, ӫ޿ ӫ, 񿬿 ޿.
             ūԡ ߽, ԫٮ ӫҬ, 󿽫 ѽ .᡿ ԫ
              ӿի Ѽ Ľ.
             -ѡٮ .᡿ Իߴ ߫ ѽѡ ߬
              ӫ Ѽ ٽ . 󿽿 ὿,
             ߻޿. ĬὫ, ԫ Ѽ ެ, ѿԡ
             Ԭ ӿѮ ڿ, ԫ Կߴ...
              ӡ ӫ " ". Ҭ ߫᡿,
             իԴ ٽ ѻ Ἷ ߬ ݬѼ. " — ӿ", — 
             ӿ .᡿, "ӴἿ" Ҵ 񡫮,
             ԫ޿ ѡ ߡѮ ի-١.
              Կ , ԫ .᡿ —  ӿ, ߡ ߫᡿޿ߴ
              Ѻ , Ѻһ ٮ ѻ, Ѻ ԫ.
              ߫ᡡ, ѽ ѿѡ ѡԿ
             ٮ ѡ, ѡ ߽ —  ԫ ٽ , Ѽ
              ߻Ѽ, Ѽ "Կ߬" 󫺡Ѽ ߿.
              ѡ ѽ ԫӫ ỿᡡ Ѽ ѽ ߽.
             .᡿ ռӿߴ, , ߻ߴ ߫ ҽҽߴ :
                " 󿡫 —  ٽ ټ ѽ Ѽ ӿѺ".
              ߬ ӫԫ, , ԫ ٬ѡ ỿ
             ѡ Ѽ ( ի ) ѡ
             ߽, ӿիڿ Ѽ , ԫ ...
              ߼Ѽٮ ӫ ެ, Ѫ޿ Ἷ...
              ߼޿ߴ Ἷ Ѯ: 񿬿 ެ, ߿, ,
             , ӡ ...
              .᡿ ߬:
                 "欫ӫ ӫ, ի Ե .Կ.
              . ū "ӫս὿", , ӿ ӿ,
              ޿ ߻ѽ".
             .᡿ ӫԴҽ ޿ ừԬ ѽ ߬ ,
             Ẽѡ Դԫ Ӽ Ѻ — Ѯ, Ѯ
             ӵ:
                 " ѽٮ ừԫ ߫Ѽ, ߽ޡ
                   ի".
              ޿ ߬ ӿѺѡ Ἷ ӫ١ ԫٮ ừԫ,
             ѡٮ ѽ ӫټ ѪἿ. 󿽿 .
                 " 񫽪ѡ Ҽ!", —
             ѽ Կ .᡿...
        — ٽ ѽѡ ի, ߫ԫ ߬ ѽ,
        30 ߡ ū. Ҫ ὿ ߬
        Ѽ ӵ, ٽ , Ѽ ޡ Խ޿ߴ
        񫼿, ԫ Ѽ ԫ ߫὿ ߬
        ѽ 񡿬 ԡ ١ ߫ԡ ߽Ҫѡ
        ߫ѡ ῡ. ԫ ٽ ѡ ᡿. ߽ ԫ ӿի —
        ѽ . ƫ ޽ Ѽ իӫ.
        ᬫ ѽѡ ٽ ᮫ Ҽ, , Ὣ .
        ѽ տ տ. ٽ ѡ ӫٮ. ū ߬
        .᡿, ٽ , ѡ ѽѡ
        ի. ԫѡ .᡿, ԫ ԡ ٽ, ԫ
        , Կ һٮ, ߴ ߻Ӵᡡټ ᮡ Ѻ
        ӫԿ ԫ. "" ١ ٽ ԫ ...
        ӿ޽ ѡү ... ߻޿ ,
        Ҫ ӫ ѡڡ. ߴ ѽ, , ٽ
        Խ ѪѮ ... ٽ , , Ἳ, Ѽ
        ѡ, ԫ ٽ , .. ԫ Կ ѽ ԫ Ѻᡡٮ
        ԫӫ ԫ, ٮ Կ߫, Ѽ ߬ ., Ἷ
        ѽ ԫ Ἣѽ ... Ҫ ߫ .Կ... ū
        իګ ỽᡡ Ѫ ٽ ӿ, -
        ὿ Դ , ᬬԡ ᡡ .
        ѽ 󴡡ٮ ѡ߬ ... ƿտ ;
        Կի ѡ ڿߴ —  , ӿүڿ, ٽ իӫ...
        ߽Ҫ. տ ҽ ...
        ѽ, . ߻὿ ӿԿ Ἣѽ
        󴡡 ޿ .Կ...
        Ѻ Կ Դ .Կ, ӫ
        .濼, ... 﫪 ԡ ߽ ڿ ѽ, ӿѡ
        Խټ .᡿ ٽ, ٽ ټ ҬѡѼ Ѻ .濼.
        ӿ޽ , Ὣ, ԫ 񿬿 ٽ
        ҡԫ ӫ .᡿...
        .᡿ ٬ ѡ ԫѡ ᡿ ...
        ѻӿ ի 󡿼ѽ Ե ٽ ԫ ӫ
        !"

        ѡ 1926. ߬ .᡿ ӿ ѡ Ľ ū,
        ᡡٮ , ߬ , ӿ ( Ѽ տӿ),
        ԫٮ ߬ ӿ ߬ ӿ ѡѼ ѡ. ġ ὿
        ߬ ӫѼ, ӫ ѽ .
        Ľ ū ..ӿ󿡫 (→Ӭ):
            "... ߬ .᡿:
                  " տ ٽ Ӵ, Կ —
        , ߽񡿼 Ἷ".

        1927., ߽ѡ .᡿ Ľ ū ӿ ӿ ѡѼ ġ߿,
        1929., ߽ѡ, Ѻ ѡ (ᡬ-),
        տѻ߬ 俼ӿ () Ҭ ӫ.
        .᡿ ᡿ԫӫ ԫѽѼ ߬ "Կѽ 쿬" ߬ -
        ᮡ "" ߬ ڿ-߬ .쿬, ԫӫ
        ӫ ᡿, ӫ ġ߿, ӫ ѡ (), ի
        ѡ ѻ߬ ᮬ߬ ӽ (ѡ).
        ӫ ġ߿ ߻ ᡡԿ
        ڿ ᮬ߬ ӡ߬ , ԫ ߬὿ տ,
        һ . ѡ Կ ڿ ѻ߬ ӽἫ, ԫ
        ߽ ӫտ .᡿, .ġ߿, .ѡ ӿ὿ ѡ,
        ᬪ "Ѭᵿ" ӫ (ӫ߬), ի񿽿
        ѽ ѡ.
        ٬ ӽ, ӫ ᡿ ߬ ڿ,
        ᮬ߬ ᮫ ٽ ӫ .
        ٬ ӽ տѻ߬:
             "Ὣ ѡ߿ ѡ ޡ үڿ.
               ӫԿ󫻫 Ѽ ѽѼ ߽ ᬫ ԫ Ѫѡ,
              ԫ ҡԫѡѼ Ѯ 񫽪 ҡԫߴ .
              Ѽ ߬ԫ "ޡ", Ѽ .
              Ѽ ӫԫӡٮ Ѽٮ ٮ ߽ҪѽѮ.
              Ѽ 󫺼 ѡ һ ڿἿ.
               ᮬ ѻտٮ 񼿡Կٮ —
              ūԫ ߫᡿ ӫ, "
        ӫ-߬ , ӡ߬ (ߡ߬ , ߬ ., ߬ /), Ѯ, ١ ߡ ū 
          1929 
        ѡ  15 
        ߴ  10 
        ԫ 15,8 11 ԴӴ 1929. Ҭѽ ߬ "Կѽ 쿬"
        ӡ߬ 񻫽 Ӭ-տ߬ / ᡿ᵿ ".

        ū ᡡټ [3] ԫ ѡԴ 1929.
        ѡ 1929. ᮫ ߡ ū, տ-١ѽ, 󿽿
        Ҫѡ Ӵ Ѭԫ, ԫ ԫ὿ ޿ ի. "Ѯ"
        ߬ .᡿ ᬪ ӿ޽ Ҫѡ ѽ ӫ (ӫ
        ᡿, ӫ ġ߿, ӫ ѡ), ѽ ߫
      Ҫѡ
        ӫ ӿ ӫ-߬  
        27/02/1930 
        ѡ "᡿ԫ Ҭѽ ߬ ӡ߬ 󫽯 Ӭ-տ߬ ᡿ᵿ " 
         .58–10 .2,58–11  
        ӿ  ᡿ — ѽ 
        һ ѽ "ѽ ᮡ ڿ ӡ ѻ߬ ӽἫ (ѡ), 1930." -> 
        ӫ 18 ԴӴ 1929. :
              " ѡ ߬ԫ ὿ ѽ ۴ߡ үڿ
               ѡ Ӭ".

        ӫ 22 Ӵ 1929. ӿ, ԫ " " Ѯѽ
        ỿ , , ԫ "Ӭ — ߫"
      ᬽѡ
        ӫ߿߬, ԯ 
          1929 
        ԫᡡ Ի󿽿 ӫ߿߬ү ԯ, Ѻ ի,
        ԫᡡ . ӿ , ѡڿ Ҫ ὿ Ѻ ߬
        Ὣ 񫽿 ѽѡ. Ӵ Һ
        Ӫ, Ѻ ١߿ ߡ. տ ѽ .
        .᡿ ߬ ѽ
      1930 
      ѽ 
      ԫ ӫ߿߬ 
      ԫ ѡ ѿԡ.
       ѡ ( ӿ), Կ, Ѯ.
      ӫ ġ߿ ѽ ԯ ɫԫ--䫡 ѽ 1930.
    ᵿ
       23/03/1990 
      Ѽ Կӫ ӫ ߡ߬  
      ū  ѻ߿ 1929 
     ->
      1. " " (Կ߬ ).
    ᵿ ->
      1.ӿ ӿ. ٮ : Ѭ Ѽӫ. .: , 2003. .254,303–320,341,383,418.
      2.߿ .. " ѡ ߽Ѻ...": ⫡ѡ Կ-߽ү Ӭ: ū ӿ ߽ѡ ӡ ѽ ᬽѡ. .: Ӵ Կ, 1998. .95–104,339.
      3.ӫ߬ .. ߿: ѡ ߬ ߽󡫮 Ӭ. .: "Ѽӿ", 1999. .127,128–129,359.
      4."ѡ ߻񡿬 ɫ߿߬ ߬ Կ". ԫӿ ѡ "". -&gt;<http://www.histor-ipt-kt.org/KNIGA/kavkaz.html>
    䫬Ҽѡ ->
      1. տ ߡ߬ . .-54881.

(c) . ҽ