(
*
)
ѡἿ ( Ѯ ߿)
Ἷ
ӫѡ
1900
ѡ ӫѡ
25
ߴ ӫѡ
9
ԫ ӫѡ
߬ ., ᬫ߬ ., .ӿ
տѻ߬
ѵ
߽
١ ѽ߬ ӫԫѴ. ɫߴ ѡ ἴԿ ѻ. .
ԫ "տѮ "
ɫ
Ѵ
ӿ ߿
ԫ
[
1
]
[
2
]
[
3
]
[
4
]
[
5
]
[
6
]
[
7
]
տѻ.ѡἿ (), 1960-
տѻ.ѡἿ (), 1970-
.ѡἿ () ԫ Ἷ, ѵ 1950- .
߬ ѡἿ (), 1940-
տѻ߬ ѡἿ () ԫ Ӭ ѡӴ 1971.
տѻ.ѡἿ () ߽ (19731976)
ӫ տѻ.ѡἿ () ߫ .
[
1928.
]
[
1928-1931.
]
[
1934-1941.
]
[
1941-1956.
]
[
1956-1958.
]
[
1958-1973.
]
[
1973-1976.
]
ẫ
ҵ ի
1914
߬ ի Ѽӿ
һѡ
1914
1919
Ĭ ѫẫѽ Ѽӿ
鿽ѡ߬ ի Ѽӿ
һѡ
1922
1924
Ĭ ߽߬ Ѽӿ
߬ ҡ߿, ߽ٮ ߽߬ ҽ
һѡ
1925
1929
Ҫѡ
߬ ., .
䫽
ѽ
1919
1921
ū, ſ߬ ѻտ, ߬ ӿի
䫽
Ὣڿ
1921
1928
ߴ
8
Ҭѡ
ѡἿ
1928
ѡ
15
ߴ
9
ӫᬫ
1928
ѡ
16
ߴ
9
ӫ
1928
ѡ
25
ߴ
12
ԫ
ѡ߬ ū߬
Ҫѡ
ū, ѡ߬ ū߬
߽ޡ, , ӫᬫ, ӫ
1928
ߴ
8
15 1929. ạѡ ѽѼ ѽ ѡ ի ū߬
ū, 髽١߬ ѻտ, .ӫ, ߫
䫽
ԫѽ
1931
ѡ
6
ߴ
3
1931
ѡ
26
ߴ
10
Ҭѡ
տӿ
1934
ѡ
17
ߴ
5
Ҫѡ
ū, ѡ߬ ū߬
տӿ
1934
1936
ū, ., ūӫ߬ Ӭ
տӿ
䫽
ԫѽ, ٮ ߽ ӿի
1936
ѡ
15
ߴ
6
1937
ޫ ҽӫ Ӭ ѡ, ѽѻ
߽ ի ū߬ , ӫ, ,
ԫ Ὣ ѽ ԡ ҡ߬ ѽѡ.
տ.ѽѿ (٬) ߡ ߿߬ү ެ ԫ ӫ
ӫѡ ҡԫ
ū, ѡ߬ ū߬ , ߬ ߬ ެ
տӿ
䫽
ѻѽ
1937
ߴ
6
11 ѬӴ 1937. Ӫѡ ѻѡ ߽
" ѡѼԿ ᡫ ߽ Ӭ"
Ҭѡ
ѻ߬
1941
ѡ
15
ߴ
6
ԫ
髽١߬ ., .ҵ, ٮ ߫
ԫ Ҭ
ӫ ߬ 쿬 () .
Ҫѡ
髽١߬ ѻտ
ѻ߬
䫽
ѻ߬ ſ߬ ū߬, ӿ 髽١߬ ѻտ
1941
ѡ
15
ߴ
6
1942
ߴ
8
ԫ ѽ ѡ߬ү ū߬ү .
Ѽ һᵿ ῡ Ѽѵ ߬Ἷ, Ӵ ѡ ᵿԫ,
ѽ ߫ ῡ߬ ԫ Ӭ, ᡫ߬ ᡡ ߬߬
ӿԫ, ӿ үڿ ӡ ӿ-Ӭ
ū߬ ѻտ
ѻ߬
䫽
ѻ߬ ū߬ ѡ߬
1942
ߴ
8
1943
ߴ
9
ӿ һѡ Ѽ ū Կߴ ū߬ү
1944
ӿ ٺ ٽ ԫ
ᬽѡ
諽ټ߬
1945
1956
..ѡ Ӭ߬, ԫӫ ٬
ѡἿ: "... ū, ߬ , ԫ ٽ , ԫ Ѽѡ
ٽ, ԫ ѡ ӿի
ӫ, ѽ , ԫ ԫ ٽ Ҫ , ..
Դѽ, ߴ ߫. ū, .ҡ, ѵ
ỿ "ԫ Ὣ ӫ" ӿ߫ ߡٮ ߬
. ԫ ߴ, ٽ . ӿ
ѡ Ѯ ӿ, ᡡ ԫ ӫ ỿӫߡ
Ҽ. ߬ Ӵ Ѫ Ἷ
Ѽ ԫ ӡ ߬, , ԫ ԡ"
Ҫѡ
ļ߬ ѻտ
ѻ߬
䫽
ѻ߬ ļ߬ Ưѡ߬
1956
ѡ
22
ߴ
11
1958
ѡ
12
ߴ
2
Ҭѡ
տѻ߬
1958
ѡ
12
ߴ
2
21 ὴ 1958. ạѡ Ӭ߬ү Կ߬ү ѡѼ
տѻ߬ ѡѼ һ ӫ߬ ԫ߬ ѻտѮ
Ҫѡ
Ӭ߬ Կ߬ ѻտ, ӫ߬ ԫ߬ ѻտ
տѻ߬
䫽
տѻ߬ Ӭ߬ Կ߬
1958
ѡ
21
ߴ
2
1973
ѡ
31
ߴ
5
忽 ӫ Ӭ߬ ߽Ҫ ԫ ѡ߬ ߫.
..ѡ Ӭ߬: "٬ Ѽ ӿ, ѽ Ӭ,
߫ѡ ټ ߿ӫ. 쿬 Ԭ, ߽ ԫ-ԫ ӫ߿ ѡ
ԡ. ѡ ڿ
Ӽ ԡټ Ἷ, ӿ ڿ. Ѯ
Ҭ ٬ Ѽ ڿߴ Կ ἴ...
ٽ ԫ Ѽ! Ӵ ߴ ԫ
. ټ. ӿ ӫ
߽ Ӵ Կ, ٽ ߽ѡ
ԫ ߽ѡ .
٬ ѡἿ ߽ . ġ ӿ, ԫ
үѼ ѡ ѡ ߽ެ ߫ạ ѿѪ
ѡ. ūԫ ٬ ߽ իӫ ѼѮ . ġ ӿ,
ԫ ѡ ѻ ӫ Ѽ ߿ Ѫ
. "ٽ" Ӫ Ѽ. ٬
ѽ Ӭ, ߫ѡ ѡ. ӿ
ѡ Ѽ. ԫ ٽ Կ ٬
Ӭ."
ӿիᡬ ѡ߬ ߫ :
" ԫ Ѽ ԫӪѡ ߽Ҫ ӿ ٬ ѡἿ. ӫ
. ԫ ٽ ԫӫ ѡ տ. . ٬ ӿ
ӫ. ٽ Խ ԡ. Ἷ ߴ ѽٮ . ū ټ
ԫ , ѽ ӿ Ἷ ڿߴ, ԫ ѽ ӡү
߬ѡ ӿԫ, ٽ, ӿߴ Ѯ, ѽ ,
Ѻ. ԫ ٽ Ҽѽ, ѺѼ".
ӫԬ ѡ տѻ߬ ѡἿ. ٮ
, ߬ , ѺѼ ӫ Ѻ
ѿ. Կߴ-Ѽߴ ; ѽѮ, ߽
үڿ, ᵿ Ѽ ѡ . ߽
ի Ӭ. 髺 ӫ ᡡ "ҡ",
ԫٮ "ԫӪ" ӿ "ѿ". ٬ Կ
Ҽѡ. "ԫ ᬫ ҡ? , : ԫ ,
ԫ Ҭ, Ѻ ߴ ߡ, Ѻ ӫ߽, Ѻ ӡѮ ӫ,
ѡ ѡ. ế, ѡ Ѻӫ Ҽ. Կ
ԫӪ Ἣ ѿ". Կ ӫ Ӫ ,
Ӻ ٬ ӫԿ "Ӵ" . ӫ
ޡ , ѡ ߽ҪѽѮ Ӭ Ӻ տѴ.
ѡ Դ ߽Ҫ 4 , ѡ ӫ,
ѡ ӫټ ӫ. ԫ Ὣ ӫ. , Ӭ߬
ѡ ټ. Ӵ Ӫ ެ ٻ ."
ӿ Ѻ Ӭ߬ ѻտ ٬ ѡἿ ߿ ѡ,
- ٻ ߬ӿ Ѵ
ѡ Ҭ
ѡ
1963
ѡ
11
ߴ
5
ѡ ԫ I ѻѡ
ѡ
1966
Ҫѡ
߬ ѻտ
տѻ߬
䫽
տѻ߬ ߬ ߬
1973
ѡ
31
ߴ
5
1976
ѡ
14
ߴ
10
諡
1976
ѡ
14
ߴ
10
ԫ
ԫ իӫѡ
, ѡ߬ ٮ ߫
欫ߴ ūӫ ԫ ӫ. Ի ٽ ѡ
տѻ߬ Ү߬ ᡡ (ټ).
2004. ٽ ѡ Խѡ ڿ տѻ߬ ѡἿ.
ѽ ٬ ѡἿ ´: "... ѽ ԫ, ԫ Ѽ
߫ ѡ߬, իӫѡ 1976. ӿߡἴԡٮ ٮ Ѽ ٬
ѡἿ, ߽ . ߡ ߽ ѽ ѡ߬ ߫ ߡҽ.
ߡ һ ڿ . Ѽ ߫ ạ ڿ.
ٽ ߫. 諼߿ ٽ ѡ ӿ
ҡѡ 12 ӫ ώ߬ Ӽӫ ᬫ Ѽѡԡٮ
. , ڿ Կ ٬ ѡἿ
ٽ ӿ Ҭѻѡ ҡѡ. ٬ ѡἿ,
٬ . ߽ Ἣ ᪡. Ҽ ӿ, ԫ ٬
Խѡٮ, ᬫ ԫ ѽѬ Խ. ߴ
ġ . , ٬ ѡἿ ٬,
ӫ Կ. , .
Ԭٽ ӫ ٬ ѡἿ Ѫ Խѡٮ. Ѻ 28 ߫
ߡ ѽ ٬ ѡἿ. Ѽ Ѵ ѽ. ٬ ӡ
Ѻ ߫Ѭ ӫ , ١ ߫ .
ٮ ӫ Ѻ ߫ үڿ. ٮ ӫ һ
ѡ ӫ, ߿ٮ ٮ ӫ ߫ ߽Ҫ ޫ տ.
ԫ ӫ ٬ ѡ үڿ. , ԫ ӫ ٬
߬ѻ. Ὣ , ԫ ԫ Ѽ ԫ ԫ ٬ ᡫӫ"
ᵿ
1.
տѻ߬ ߬ ߬ ѡἿ: Ѭӫ// . 1977. N 1.
2.
ҿ (Ѽ߬ ..), . ߬ ߽ տ ӿ 1893 1965 . (ѽ). Erlangen, 19791989. .2. .151153.
3.
Ǭ Ѯ ƿի, ӿ ߬߬ Ѵ ɫ߿, Ѯ Ҽѡ ѻ߬ ᡫ߬ Ѽ Ѯ Ӭ Կ, 19171943: . 2- Դ/ . .. . ., 1994. .966.
ѽ
1.
ѡ Ѽ ӫ
(
*
)
߬ " ӿ ", , . 1997., 698.
(c) . ҽ